Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: Creating and Destroying Objects 5
Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors 5
Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor
parameters 11
Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor 17
Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor 19
Item 5: Avoid creating unnecessary objects 20
Item 6: Eliminate obsolete object references 24
Item 7: Avoid finalizers 27
Chapter 3: Methods Common to All Objects 33
Item 8: Obey the general contract when overriding equals 33
Item 9: Always override hashCode when you override equals 45
Item 10: Always override toString 51
Item 11: Override clone judiciously 54
Item 12: Consider implementing Comparable 62
Chapter 4: Classes and Interfaces 67
Item 13: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members 67
Item 14: In public classes, use accessor methods, not public fields 71
Item 15: Minimize mutability 73
Item 16: Favor composition over inheritance 81
Item 17: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it 87
Item 18: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes 93
Item 19: Use interfaces only to define types 98
Item 20: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes 100
Item 21: Use function objects to represent strategies 103
Item 22: Favor static member classes over nonstatic 106
Chapter 5: Generics 109
Item 23: Don't use raw types in new code 109
Item 24: Eliminate unchecked warnings 116
Item 25: Prefer lists to arrays 119
Item 26: Favor generic types 124
Item 27: Favor generic methods 129
Item 28: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility 134
Item 29: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers 142
Chapter 6: Enums and Annotations 147
Item 30: Use enums instead of int constants 147
Item 31: Use instance fields instead of ordinals 158
Item 32: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields 159
Item 33: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing 161
Item 34: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces 165
Item 35: Prefer annotations to naming patterns 169
Item 36: Consistently use the Override annotation 176
Item 37: Use marker interfaces to define types 179
Chapter 7: Methods 181
Item 38: Check parameters for validity 181
Item 39: Make defensive copies when needed 184
Item 40: Design method signatures carefully 189
Item 41: Use overloading judiciously 191
Item 42: Use varargs judiciously 197
Item 43: Return empty arrays or collections, not nulls 201
Item 44: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements 203
Chapter 8: General Programming 209
Item 45: Minimize the scope of local variables 209
Item 46: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops 212
Item 47: Know and use the libraries 215
Item 48: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required 218
Item 49: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives 221
Item 50: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate 224
Item 51: Beware the performance of string concatenation 227
Item 52: Refer to objects by their interfaces 228
Item 53: Prefer interfaces to reflection 230
Item 54: Use native methods judiciously 233
Item 55: Optimize judiciously 234
Item 56: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions 237
Chapter 9: Exceptions 241
Item 57: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions 241
Item 58: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors 244
Item 59: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions 246
Item 60: Favor the use of standard exceptions 248
Item 61: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction 250
Item 62: Document all exceptions thrown by each method 252
Item 63: Include failure-capture information in detail messages 254
Item 64: Strive for failure atomicity 256
Item 65: Don’t ignore exceptions 258
Chapter 10: Concurrency 259
Item 66: Synchronize access to shared mutable data 259
Item 67: Avoid excessive synchronization 265
Item 68: Prefer executors and tasks to threads 271
Item 69: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify 273
Item 70: Document thread safety 278
Item 71: Use lazy initialization judiciously 282
Item 72: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler 286
Item 73: Avoid thread groups 288
Chapter 11: Serialization 289
Item 74: Implement Serializable judiciously 289
Item 75: Consider using a custom serialized form 295
Item 76: Write readObject methods defensively 302
Item 77: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve 309
Item 78: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances 313
Appendix: Items Corresponding to First Edition 317
References 321
Index of Patterns and Idioms 327
Index 331
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